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Critique of the Power of Judgment

Author Kant, Immanuel
Published 1790
Status read
Recommender Julian P.
Rating 4/5

the message

“The powers of cognition that are set into play by this representation are hereby in a free play, since no determinate concept restricts them to a particular rule of cognition. Thus the state of mind in this representation must be that of a feeling of the free play of the powers of representation in a given representation for a cognition in general. Now there belongs to a representation by which an object is given, in order for there to be cognition of it in general, imagination for the composition of the manifold of intuition and understanding for the unity of the concept that unifies the representations. This state of a free play of the faculties of cognition with a representation through which an object is given must be able to be universally communicated, because cognition, as a determination of the object with which given representations (in whatever subject it may be) should agree, is the only kind of representation that is valid for everyone.” […] “That is beautiful which pleases universally without a concept.” (5:217+ / Section 9)

To be fair, I was pointed at the above, but I agree it’s the poignant bit. Interplay, between understanding and imagination, is the process through which judgment occurs, and ultimately through which beauty may be derived universally.

notes

How do we judge aesthetic objects, whether beautiful or sublime, and what is the role of our faculties in making these judgments?

First Part: Critique of the Aesthetic Power of Judgment

In this section, Kant examines the faculty of judgment, focusing on its aesthetic aspect, which is concerned with the subjective experience of beauty and the sublime. This critique is part of Kant’s larger goal of understanding how humans make judgments about objects and experiences, specifically regarding their aesthetic qualities.

Kant argues that the aesthetic judgment is not based on concepts or rules, as are judgments of understanding. Instead, aesthetic judgments are based on feelings of pleasure or displeasure when we encounter an object. The key idea here is that aesthetic judgments are subjective yet have a universal claim. When someone declares something to be beautiful, they are not merely stating a personal preference but asserting that others should agree with the judgment, even though there is no objective property of beauty in the object itself.

He introduces two forms of aesthetic judgment:

First Section, First Book: Analytic of the Beautiful

In the Analytic of the Beautiful, Kant focuses on how we come to judge an object as beautiful. He outlines the conditions under which such judgments are made and provides a philosophical analysis of the nature of beauty.

Kant argues that beauty is not a property of the object itself, but is rather the result of the subjective response of the observer. This is a key part of his theory of aesthetic judgment, which he distinguishes from other types of judgments like logical or moral judgments. He states that when we judge something to be beautiful, we are making a judgment of taste, which is not based on concepts but on the free play between our faculties of imagination and understanding.

The judgment of beauty is characterized by several features:

Kant also explains the difference between the beautiful and the agreeable. While the agreeable is linked to personal desires and tastes, the beautiful is independent of such interests and is seen as a universal judgment of taste.

First Section, Second Book: Analytic of the Sublime

The Analytic of the Sublime explores the nature of the sublime, which is a different form of aesthetic judgment from beauty. The sublime is related to experiences that go beyond the ordinary and invoke feelings of awe, wonder, or terror.

Kant identifies two types of the sublime:

Kant emphasizes that the sublime leads to a feeling of the “limitlessness” of nature, which can either provoke feelings of terror (due to the overpowering force of nature) or elevate the human spirit (through the realization of human reason’s capacity to comprehend such vastness). The sublime experience is a reflection of our inner moral and rational capacities and can lead to a sense of our own autonomy.

While beauty is connected to the harmony of form and the free play of imagination and understanding, the sublime is tied to the overwhelming power of nature and the ability of the human spirit to transcend these experiences by turning them into reflections on reason and moral order.

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